Exfoliation is the process of removing dead skin cells from the surface of the skin. Our skin sheds cells naturally, but many people enjoy the smooth feeling that comes with gentle exfoliation. As with most things in skincare, the key is moderation. Too much exfoliation can leave skin red, raw or sensitive.
This is general information. If you have a skin condition, such as eczema or rosacea, or use prescription skincare, talk with a dermatologist before exfoliating.
Two Main Types
Physical Exfoliation
Physical, or mechanical, exfoliation uses texture to remove dead cells. Examples include:
- Scrubs with fine particles
- Soft washcloths
- Cleansing brushes
- Exfoliating mitts for the body
If you use a scrub, choose one with fine, smooth particles and use light pressure. Harsh, jagged particles can be rough on facial skin.
Chemical Exfoliation
Chemical exfoliation uses ingredients that help loosen dead skin cells. Common examples include alpha hydroxy acids, such as glycolic and lactic acid, beta hydroxy acids, such as salicylic acid, and enzymes derived from fruits like papaya and pineapple.
Chemical exfoliants come in many strengths. Start with gentle, low-concentration products, follow the label directions and introduce them slowly.
How Often to Exfoliate
There is no single answer. Many people with normal skin find that exfoliating the face once or twice a week is plenty. People with sensitive or dry skin may prefer less often, or not at all. Oilier skin may tolerate a little more. Pay attention to how your skin responds and adjust accordingly.
The body can often handle a little more exfoliation than the face, but the same principle applies: gentle and consistent is better than harsh and frequent.
Signs You Are Overdoing It
Watch for signs that your skin needs a break:
- Redness or stinging
- A tight, shiny or raw appearance
- Burning when you apply other products
- Increased sensitivity or flaking
If you notice these, stop exfoliating, use a simple, gentle routine and let your skin recover. If irritation does not improve, see a dermatologist.
When to Skip It
There are times when it is wise to skip exfoliation:
- On sunburned, broken or irritated skin
- Right before or after a professional facial or treatment, unless your esthetician advises otherwise
- When using prescription skincare that already increases sensitivity, unless your doctor approves
- Before significant sun exposure
Do Not Forget Sunscreen
Many exfoliating products, especially those with alpha hydroxy acids, can increase sun sensitivity. Wear broad-spectrum sunscreen daily, and follow any warnings on your product labels.
Finding Your Balance
Exfoliation can be a pleasant part of a skincare routine, but it is not something to do aggressively. Start slowly, listen to your skin and remember that less is often more. A gentle, consistent routine tends to keep skin feeling comfortable and smooth.